Month: June 2016

New publication: Solanaceae

Progress in our understanding of the relationships within the “potato-clade” are presented and co-authored by Dr. Gregory Anderson in: Tepe E.J., G.J. Anderson, D.M. Spooner & L. Bohs. 2016. Relationships among wild relatives of the tomato, potato, and pepino. Taxon 65: 262–276. (pdf)

Some of the specimens studied are deposited in the BRC herbarium.

The abstract reads: With ca. 200 species, the informally named Potato clade represents one of the larger subgroups of the estimated 1500 species of Solanum. Because its members include the potato (S. tuberosum), tomato (S. lycopersicum), and pepino (S. muricatum), it is the most economically important clade in the genus. These crop species and their close relatives have been the focus of intensive research, but relationships among major lineages of the Potato clade remain poorly understood. In this study, we use sequences from the nuclear ITS and waxy (GBSSI), and plastid trnTtrnF and trnStrnG to estimate a phylogeny and further explore relationships within the Potato clade. With increased sampling over past studies, the Potato clade emerges as a strongly supported clade and comprises 12–13 subclades which, for the most part, correspond to traditionally recognized sections. Solanum sect. Regmandra is sister to the rest of the lineages of the Potato clade which are, in turn, organized into two major subclades: (1) sections Anarrhichomenum, Articulatum, Basarthrum, Etuberosum, Juglandifolia, LycopersicoidesLycopersicon, and Petota, and (2) sections Herpystichum and Pteroidea. As in all other studies including these groups, sections Etuberosum, Juglandifolia, Lycopersicoides, Lycopersicon, and Petota form a strongly supported clade. Solanum oxycoccoides, a high-elevation species endemic to north-central Peru, was tentatively assigned to several groups within Solanum based on morphological evidence, but instead the species represents an independent lineage within the Potato clade, sister to the first major subclade. A key to the sections of the Potato clade is provided.

New publication on Solanum

Chris Martine, a Ph.D. student of Greg Anderson and currently a professor at Bucknell, described a new species in the genus Solanum:

Martine, C. T., J. Cantley, E. Frawley, A. Butler & I. Jordan-Thaden. 2016. New functionally dioecious bush tomato from northwestern Australia, Solanum ossicruentum, may utilize “trample burr” dispersal. PhytoKeys 63: 19–29.

Noteworthy is that naming the new species involved a group of 150 middle school students. Several of the specimens referred to his paper are deposited in the BRC herbarium. The paper is:

The abstract reads: A new Australian species of functionally dioecious bush tomato of Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum is described. Solanum ossicruentum Martine & J.Cantley, sp. nov., is thought to be allied with members of the problematic “Dioicum Complex” lineage, but differs in its short silvery indumentum, long calyx lobes, larger stature, and an unusual fruit morphology that may represent “trample burr” seed dispersal. The species occurs in a range extending from the eastern Kimberley in Western Australia to far northwestern Northern Territory and has been recognized for decades as a variant of S. dioicum W.Fitzg. Specimens of this species were previously referred to by D.E. Symon and others as Solanum dioicum ‘Tanami.’ Ex situ crossing studies and SEM images of inaperturate pollen grains produced in morphologically hermaphrodite flowers indicate that this taxon is functionally dioecious. The scientific name was chosen with the help of 150 seventh grade life science students from Pennsylvania, USA.

New publication: mosses

Former graduate student and postdoc Jessica Budke, who recently joined the University of Tennessee as herbarium director, published her work from her postdoc at UCONN in Frontiers in Plant Sciences: Budke J.M. & B. Goffinet. 2016. Comparative cuticle development in morphologically divergent mosses of the Funariaceae. Frontiers in Plant Sciences 7: 832. pdf (open access). The vouchers for this study are deposited in the BRC herbarium.

The abstract reads: The calyptra is a maternal structure that protects the sporophyte offspring from dehydration, and positively impacts sporophyte survival and fitness in mosses. We explore the relationship between cuticle protection and sporophyte height as a proxy for dehydration stress in Funariaceae species with sporophytes across a range of sizes. Calyptrae and sporophytes from four species were collected from laboratory-grown populations at two developmental stages. Tissues were embedded, sectioned, and examined using transmission electron microscopy. Cuticle thickness was measured from three epidermal cells per organ for each individual and compared statistically. All four species have cuticles consisting of a cuticle proper and a cuticular layer on the calyptra and sporophyte at both developmental stages. Across species, shorter sporophytes are associated with smaller calyptra and thinner calyptra cuticles, whereas taller sporophytes are associated with larger calyptra and thicker calyptra cuticles. Independent of size, young sporophytes have a thin cuticle that thickens later during development, while calyptrae have a mature cuticle produced early during development that persists throughout development. This study adds to our knowledge of maternal effects influencing offspring survival in plants. Released from the pressures to invest in protection for their sporophyte offspring, maternal resources can be allocated to other processes that support sporophyte reproductive success. Using a comparative developmental framework enables us to broaden our understanding of cuticle development across species and provides structural evidence supporting the waterproofing role of the moss calyptra.

Rare North American Armadillo

Calyptophractus retusus, or the Greater fairy Armadillo, is known from five collections in North America, and one of these in housed in our mammal collection, an awareness acquired following of the release of the database of our holdings via VertNet.
For more info on this and related species see:
DELSUC, F., SUPERINA, M., TILAK, M.-K., DOUZERY, E. J. P. & HASSANIN, A. 2012. Molecular phylogenetics unveils the ancient evolutionary origins of the enigmatic fairy armadillos. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62(2):673-680.